[August 23, 2011] Imaging of the Striatal and Extrastriatal Dopamine Transporter with [Journal of Nuclear Medicine, The] Tweet (Journal of Nuclear Medicine, The Via Acquire Media NewsEdge) The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantification, biodistribution, and radiation dosimetry of the novel dopamine transporter (DAT) radioligand 18 F-(2S,3S)-methyl 8-((E)-4-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)-3-(p-tolyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (18 F-LBT-999) in nonhuman primates. Methods: The brain study was conducted in 4 female rhesus monkeys. PET measurements were conducted for 243 min using the high-resolution research tomograph (HRRT) with the measurement of the metabolite-corrected arterial input function and protein binding. Quantification was performed with kinetic analysis using 2-tissue- and 1-tissue-compartment models, with Logan graphical analysis and with different reference tissue models. The outcome measures were total distribution volume (VT), nondisplaceable distribution volume (VND), binding potential relative to the free concentration of radioligand in plasma (BPF), and binding potential relative to the concentration of nondisplaceable radioligand in tissue (BPND) = VT - VND/VND using the cerebellum as a reference region. For the biodistribution and radiation dosimetry, 2 female cynomolgus monkeys were studied. Whole-body PET scans were obtained using a PET/CT system for approximately 250 min. Estimates of the absorbed radiation dose in humans were calculated using OLINDA/EXM software. Results: 18 F-LBT-999 showed good brain uptake (300% standardized uptake value) and regional distribution according to known DAT density. The 2-tissue-compartment model was the preferred model for the quantification. Late peak equilibrium (120-140 min) and slow washout were observed in the striatum, with high variability of VT, BPF, and BPND. When the different models were compared with the 2-tissue-compartment model, the underestimation of VT or BPND was larger in the caudate and putamen than in the midbrain and thalamus. The reference tissue models were suitable for the quantification. The whole-body distribution study showed that the main routes of excretion of 18 F-LBT-999 were the urinary and gastrointestinal systems, with the bladder being the critical organ. Accumulation of 18 F-LBT-999 was found in the bone and skull, with a relatively high dose estimated for the osteogenic cells. The range of calculated effective dose was 0.021-0.022 mSv/MBq. Conclusion: 18 F-LBT-999 seemed to be a suitable PET radioligand for the DAT quantification, particularly for extrastriatal regions. The skull uptake did not seem to be a limitation for brain imaging. The calculated dosimetry estimates based on data in nonhuman primates seemed comparable with those of other clinically used 18 F-labeled radioligands, for example, 18 F-FDG (0.024-0.027 mSv/MBq). Key Words: PET; radiobiology/dosimetry; radiotracer tissue kinetics; dopamine transporter; reference tissue method J Nucl Med 2011; 52:1313-1321 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.089953 Dopamine is one of the main monoamine neurotransmitters involved in the regulation of important brain functions, such as locomotor activity, reward, and cognition (1). The dopamine transporter (DAT) is the plasma membrane protein that acts by clearing dopamine released into the extracellular space. The highest density of the DAT protein is in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, followed by the mesencephalic dopamine neurones of substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (2). DAT imaging has been used for several studies in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders characterized by the involvement of the dopamine system (3). In Parkinson disease (PD), imaging of the DAT in the striatum might serve as a diagnostic marker of dopamine deficit. In PD, the substantia nigra is the region in which the primary pathology of the disorder occurs, and abnormalities in the DAT availability in the midbrain and the thalamus have been shown in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders and schizophrenia (4,5). Therefore, the development of radioligands able to quantify the DAT availability in brain regions with higher and lower DAT density has a potential for application in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. In addition, the development of an 18 F-labeled radioligand would be an advantage for routine application and large clinical studies. ((2S,3S)-methyl 8-((E)-4-fluorobut-2-en-l-yl)-3-(p-tolyl)8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxyIate (LBT-999) is a tropane derivative with high affinity for the DAT (radioligand equilibrium dissociation constant [K0], 9.15 nM) (6~), and similarly to PE2I, LBT-999 is of potential interest for imaging the DAT in the striatum and extrastriata] regions (7). LBT-999 has been labeled with both 11C and 18F (8-10). 11 C-LBT999 has been already evaluated in baboons, showing high target-to-background ratio (striatum, -30; midbrain, ~6; and thalamus, ~2) and binding potential (striatum, -23; midbrain, 2; and thalamus, 0.7) (//). However, in vitro experiments in liver microsomes and liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry analysis have proposed that a labeled 11 C-W-dealkyl metabolite is produced - a metabolite that has been suggested to have affinity for the DAT (12). The labeling of LBT-999 with 18F in the fluoromethylvinyl moiety would prevent the production of a labeled AAdealkyl metabolite binding to the DAT. The radiolabeling of 18F-LBT999 has been already reported (9,10). To our knowledge, data on the quantification of 18F-LBT-999 in nonhuman primates have not been reported. In this study, we examined 18F-LBT999 in nonhuman primates to evaluate the quantification of the binding to the DAT and to calculate estimates of whole-body radiation dose, important aspects to assess the potential of the tracer for future applications in human subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nonhuman Primates Four female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) for the DAT quantification and 2 female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) for the whole-body biodistribution and radiation dosimetry were examined (Supplemental Table 1; supplemental materials are available online only at http://jnm.snmjournals. org). Rhesus monkeys were used for the DAT quantification because the study included arterial cannulation and measurement of the input function. The monkeys are owned by the Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and housed in the Astrid Fagraeus Laboratory of the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Swedish Animal Welfare Agency and was performed according to the guidelines reported by Clark et al. (13). In the DAT quantification study, the anesthesia was induced by intramuscular injection of ketamine hydrochloride (12 mg/kg, Ketalar; Pfizer) and maintained by the administration of a mixture of Sevoflurane (2%-8%), O2, and medical air after endotracheal intubation. In the whole-body biodistribution study the anesthesia was maintained by intravenous infusion of ketamine hydrochtoride (4 mg/kg/h, Ketalar) and xylazine hydrochloride (0.4 mg/kg/h, Rompun Vet.; Bayer). Preparation of 18 F- LBT-999 LBT-999 and its chloro-LBT-999 precursor (((25,35)-methyl 3(p-tolyl)-8-((E)-4-chloro-2-en-1-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate)) were obtained from INSERM U930, CHRU. No-carrier-added 18 F-LBT-999 was synthesized in a manner similar to previously described procedures (10,14). In short, l8F-LBT-999 was produced via direct nucleophilic substitution of chJoro analog CI-LBT-999 by adding 1.5-2 mg of chloro precursor dissolved in 500 µL of dimethyl suifoxide to the dry K18 F/K(2.2.2) complex and heating the mixture at 165°C for 10 min. The mixture was subsequently cooled to room temperature, diluted with water, and purified by injection onto a C-18 µ-Bondapak (300 x 7.8 mm, 10 µ,p?) semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column (Waters) with MeCN/0.1% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid (25:75) as mobile phase. Formulation of 18F-LBT-999 was conducted as follows. The IKF-LBT-999 fraction from HPLC was diluted in 60 mL of sterile water containing 1.0 mg of sodium ascorbate per milliliter. The resulting solution was passed though an Oasis HLB 3-mL cartridge (Waters) preconditioned by a wash with 10 mL of ethanol. followed by 10 mL of distilled water. The cartridge was washed with 10 mL of distilled water and radiotracer eluted with 1.0 mL of ethanol into a vial containing 8 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (9). The aliquot for the quality control analysis was then taken, and the product was filtered using a sterile Millex-GV 0.22-µm filter (Millipore). After filtration, the pH of the product was measured to confirm it was between pH 6.5 and 8. Typically, radiosynthesis took 90-110 min (including HPLC purification and formulation) with 1.5-4.5 GBq of 18 F-LBT-999 prepared, with a specific activity ranging from 224 to 482 GBq/µmol (Supplemental Table 1). Brain PET Measurements The head was immobilized with a fixation device (15). Body temperature was maintained by a Bair Hugger device (model 505; Arizant Health Care Inc.) and monitored by an oral thermometer. Electrocardiogram, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and arterial blood pressure were continuously monitored throughout the experiments. In each monkey, 1 PET measurement was conducted using the HRRT system (Siemens Molecular Imaging) after intravenous administration of l8F-LBT-999 (Supplemental Table 1). A catheter was inserted in an artery of the lower limb, and arterial blood was collected continuously for 5 min using an automated blood sampling system (ABSS) at a speed of 3 mL/min (Allog AB). Blood samples (1.5 mL) were drawn at 1-10, 15, 30, 45. 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 min for blood and plasma radioactivity and metabolite correction. A 6-min transmission scan using a single 137Cs source was obtained immediately before the radioligand injection. List-mode data were acquired for 243 min. PET images were reconstructed with a series of frames of increasing duration (4 x 10, 4 x 20, 4 x 60, 7 x 180, 16 x 360, and 10 x 720 s) using the ordinary Poisson 3-dimensional ordered-subset expectation maximization algorithm, with 10 iterations and 16 subsets, including modeling of the point spread function, after correction for attenuation, random and scatter. The resolution of the reconstructed images was 1 .5 mm in full width at half maximum (16). Image Analysis Volumes of interest were delineated on coregistered PET/MR images, and delineation was guided by an atlas of 1 Rhesus monkey brain (17). The MR image was manually coregistered to an average PET image using the FUSION tool in the software PMOD 3.0 (PMOD Technologies). Volumes of interest for the caudate, putamen, midbrain, thalamus, cerebellum, whole brain, and skull (frontal, temporal, and occipital skull) were drawn using PMOD 3.0. Decay-corrected time-activity curves for all regions plotted over time and radioactivity concentration were expressed as percentage standardized uptake value (SUV) and calculated as radioactivity concentration (lcBq/cm3)/(radioactivity injected [MBq]/ body weight [kg]) x 100. The cerebellum was considered the reference region; the volumes of interest were drawn on cerebellar hemispheres, excluding me midline structure that could contain DAT binding sites (18). Radiometabolite Analysis A reversed-phase HPLC method was used to determine the percentages of radioactivity in monkey plasma that correspond to unchanged radioligand and radiometabolites during the course of a PET measurement. The plasma (0.5 mL) obtained after centrifugation of blood at 2,00Og for 2 min was mixed with acetonitrile (0.7 mL). The mixture was centrifuged at 2,00Og for 2 min, and the supernatant acetonitrile-plasma mixture (1.1 mL) was injected to a radio-HPLC system. The blood (2.0 mL) and plasma (0.5 mL) were counted in a NaI well-counter. The radio-HPLC system used in the plasma experiments consisted of an interface module (D-7000; Hitachi), an L-7100 pump (Hitachi), an injector (model 7125, with a 5.0-mL loop; Rheodyne) equipped with a µ-Bondapak CIS column (300 x 7.8 mm, 10 µm; Waters), and an ultraviolet absorption detector (L-7400, 254 nm; Hitachi) in series with a dual bismuth germanium oxide coincidence radiation detector (S-2493Z; Oyokoken) equipped with a 550-µL flow cell. Acetonitrile (A) and ammonium formate (100 mM) (B) were used as the mobile phase at 6.0 mL/min, according to the following program: 0-2.0 min (A/B), 20:80 v/v; 2.0-10.0 min, 20:80[arrow right] 80:20 v/v; 10.0-12.0 min (A/B), 80:20 v/v; 12.0-13.0 min (A/B), 80:20[arrow right] 20:80 v/v; and 13.0-15.0 min (A/B), 20:80 v/v. Peaks for radioactive compounds eluting from the column were integrated and their areas expressed as a percentage of the sum of the areas of all detected radioactive compounds (decay-corrected to the time of injection on the HPLC). Measurement of Protein Binding An ultrafiltration method was used to estimate the free fraction, fp, of 18 F-LBT-999 in plasma. Monkey plasma (500 µL) or saline solution (500 µ-L) as a control were mixed with 18 F-LBT-999 solution (50 µ-L, -I MBq) and incubated at room temperature for 10 min. After the incubation, 200-µL portions of the incubation mixtures were pipetted into ultrafiltration tubes (Centrifree YM-30, molecular weight cutoff, 30,000; Millipore) and centrifuged at 1,500g for 15 min. Equal aliquots (20 µL) of the ultrafiltrate (Cfree) and of the plasma (Ctotal) were counted for their 18 F radioactivity with a NaI well-counter. Each determination was performed in duplicate. The free fraction of 18 F-LBT-999 was calculated as fp = Cfree/Ctotal, and the results were corrected for the membrane binding measured with the control samples. Quantification Kinetic analysis was performed with a 1-tissue-compartment model (1-TCM) and 2-tissue compartment model (2-TCM) (Supplemental Appendix I). The goodness of fit was assessed using the ?2 (sum of the squared discrepancies between data and model predictions divided by the number of degrees of freedom) and the model selection criterion (19). The identifiability of parameters was expressed by the coefficient of variation (COV), which was calculated as (SE)/(estimate of the parameter) and expressed as a percentage (%COV) (/9). The F test was used to assess whether the 2-TCM provided a significantly belter fit than the 1-TCM (20). The total (free + protein bound) plasma concentration of the parent was used as an input function, and the radioactivity concentration in blood was used for blood volume correction. The blood volume fraction (vB) and the time delay between the arrival of the tracer at the ABSS detector and in the brain were estimated by a preliminary fitting of the whole-brain time-activity curve with a 2-TCM. Graphical analysis (GA) was performed with the Logan plot (21). A time of equilibrium (t*) of 145 min was used for measuring the slope of the linear part of the Logan plot. The outcome measures were total distribution volume (VT) (DAT-rich regions) and nondisplaceable distribution volume (VND) (cerebellum) (22). The binding potentials, BP (binding potential relative to the free concentration of radioligand in plasma [BPP] and binding potential relative to the concentration of nondisplaceable radioligand in tissue [BPND]), were measured using the cerebellum as a reference region (Supplemental Appendix 2). Kinetic and GAs were performed using PMOD 3.0. Whole-Body Distribution and Radiation Dosimetry Whole-body PET scans were acquired using a Biograph TruePoint TrueV PET/CT system (Siemens Medical Solutions) after intravenous administration of 18 F-LBT-999 (Supplemental Table I ). The body of the monkey was immobilized using a vacuum pad. Five PET/CT sessions, each covering 3 axial fields of view (AFOVs), were conducted. Before each session, a wholebody low-dose CT scan was obtained for attenuation correction. The first PET session consisted of two 30 s x 3 AFOV scans, the second PET session of three 60 s x 3 AFOV scans, the third of three 120 s x 3 AFOV scans, the fourth of three 240 s x 3 AFOV scans, and the fifth of nine 360 s x 3 AFOV scans. The time for the bed to return to the original position was approximately 60 s, and the total duration of the whole-body scan was approximately 250 min. PET images were reconstructed with an ordered-subset expectation maximization algorithm, with 4 iterations, 8 subsets, and using a 5-mm gaussian filter. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn on axial slices for most of the organs except for the bone, which was drawn on coronal slices, with the help of the CT part for anatomic landmarks. ROIs were drawn on the brain, parotid glands, thyroid gland, lungs, heart, left ventricle, liver, gallbladder, whole gastrointestinal tract (stomach, small intestine, and large intestine could not be separately delineated on PET/CT images), spieen, kidneys, bladder, bone (sum of sternum, claviculae, humerus, scapulae, and costae), and vertebral spine. A large ROI was drawn on the whole body for the estimation of the remainder activity. Radioactivity concentration in each PET scan was decay-corrected to the time of injection. Radioactivity was expressed as percentage of the injected radioactivity (%IA) calculated as follows: kBq/cm3 x ROI volume (cm3) ÷ 1,000/MBq injected x 100, and plotted versus time. Estimates of the absorbed radiation dose in humans were calculated with the OLINDA/EXM software, using the adult male (-70 kg) reference model. To estimate the dose adsorbed by the intestine, a model with a fraction of 10% entering the small intestine was used, based on the %1A measured in the whole gastrointestinal tract and using the standard gastrointestinal tract model in OLINDA/ EXM. As for the bladder, a dynamic model with a fraction of 30%, a biologic half-life of 1.6-4.1 h, and a void interval of 4.8 h was used. RESULTS Brain Kinetics Time-activity curves of 18 F-LBT-999 in the brain are displayed in Figure 1. The average peak brain uptake of 18 F-LBT-999 was approximately 300% SUV. Higher uptake was found in caudate and putamen, followed by the midbrain and thalamus. The cerebellum showed the lowest uptake. Peak specific binding (region-cerebellum) was reached at approximately 120-140 min in the striatum, 60-80 min in the midbrain, and 20-40 min in the thalamus. The ratio to the cerebellum was 20-25 in the stilatura, approximately 5 in the midbrain, and 1-2 in the thalamus. A representative image of t8F-LBT-999 is shown in Figure 2. Moderate skull uptake was noted and measured tu frontal, temporal, and occipital bone, increasing up to 300%-400% SUV (Supplemental Figs. 1 and 2). The ROIs of the cerebellum were not near the area of skull uptake, and the cerebellar radioactivity concentration was expected to receive negligible contribution from the skull uptake (Supplemental Figs. 1 and 2). Radiometabolite Analysis and Protein Binding Representative high-performance liquid chromatograms obtained at 15 min after the injection of 18 F-LBT-999 are displayed in Figure 3A. The unchanged radioligand eluted at approximately 10.5 min. There were 3 radiometabolite peaks, with retention times of 2.5 min (Met 1), 4.5 min (Met 2), and approximately 7 min (Met 3); thus, the radiometabolites were more polar than the unchanged tracer. Met 1 and Met 3 were consistently present in all monkeys. 18 F-LBT-999 was rapidly metabolized (Fig. 3B), accounting for approximately 20% of the plasma radioactivity at 15 min and less than 10% at 60 min. The more polar Met 1 was the most prevalent radiometabolite peak, accounting for approximately 90% of the plasma radioactivity at 90 min after injection. On average, less than 2% of the plasma radioactivity was due to Met 3. The plasma fP was 0.33 ± 0.03. DAT Quantification The average arterial input function and blood curve are shown in Figure 4. The rate constants estimated with ITCM and 2-TCM are displayed in Supplemental Table 2. The estimate of the delay was 1 0.6 ± 2.9 s (%COV, 4.8% ± 2.9%). The estimate of vB was 0.05 1 ± 0.003 (%COV, 10.3% ± 2.9%). Results of distribution volume (DV), BPF, and BPND obtained with the different methods are displayed in Tables 1-3, The 2-TCM provided higher values of VT than did the 1-TCM and was significantly better than the 1-TCM (F test, P < 0.001) at describing the kinetics of 18 F-LBT-999 in all regions and monkeys (Fig. 5; Table 1). In monkey 3, because of slower kinetics and washout from the putamen, the estimation of fc4 (in the 1-TCM, 2 rate constants KL [mL-cm-3 -min-1] and A2 [min-1] describe the exchange of the tracer between plasma and brain; in the 2-TCM, in caudate, putamen, midbrain, and thalamus, 4 rate constants ^1 [mL-cm-3 *min-1], k2 [min-1], A3 [min-1], and A4 [min-1] are estimated, and k3 and A4 are the rate constants describing the exchange of the tracer between the nondisplaceable and the specifically bound compartments) with the 2-TCM was unreliable (A4 = 0.0004 min-1; %COV, 35.1%) and led to a high VT estimate. Therefore, VT, BPP, and BPND in the putamen showed the highest mean and SD. The Logan GA provided estimates of VT (Table 1) lower than did the 2-TCM, by 38% ± 12% in the caudate and by 41% ± 27% in the putamen but by only 2% ± 8% in the midbrain. On the other hand, VT in the thalamus and VND were, respectively, 8% ± 6% and 26% ± 17% higher than those estimated with 2-TCM. The underestimation of BPP using the Logan GA was larger in the caudate (40% ± 12%) and putamen (42% ± 27%) and lower in the raidbrain (9% ± 9%) and thalamus (14% ± 29%) (Table 2). No major differences of DVs or BP were found with a t* greater than 145 min (data not shown). Logan GA (Table 3), as compared with 2-TCM, underestimated BPND in all regions (by 51% ± 13% in the caudate, by 52% ± 24% in the putamen, by 26% ± 16% in the midbrain, and by 30% ± 29% in the thalamus). Reference tissue models largely underestimated BPND in the caudate and putamen (66%-69%), whereas BPND was similar to 2-TCM in the midbrain and thalamus (Table 3). The simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) provided results similar to the 4-parameter (full) reference tissue model (FRTM). Logan Ref and MRTM2, as compared with the FRTM and SRTM, tended to underestimate ß/W No major differences of BPND estimated with the Logan noninvasive approach (Logan Ref) and multilinear reference tissue model 2 (MRTM2) were found with a t* greater than 145 min (data not shown). The influence of the duration of image analysis on the DV was examined by fitting the average time-activity curve for each brain region with the average input function, by removing each time point, and by refitting the data using the same starting values (K1 = 0.1 mL-cm3 -min-1; k2 = 0.1 min-1; k3 = 0.01 min-1; and k4 = min-1). The estimate of VT in the striatum was increasing as the duration of the image analysis decreased, mainly because of the less reliable estimation of A4. On the other hand, DV in lower density regions and cerebellum decreased as the duration of image analysis decreased (Fig. 6). Whole-Body Distribution and Radiation Dosimetry In the whole-body distribution study (Fig. 7; Supplemental Fig. 3), the highest uptake (%IA) was found in the kidneys (14% at -1 min), brain (9.7% at -2.5 min), intestine (9.4% at -18 min), lungs (7% at -1 min), and liver (6.8% at -2.6 min). Lower uptake was found in the heart (4% at -1 min). The bone uptake was high (9.4% at - 1 min) and remained high throughout the whole imaging rime (8% at -230 min), and the spine showed increased uptake over time (from 11% at -I min to 19% at -230 min). l8F-LBT-999 was mainly eliminated through the intestine and bladder. All other organs showed a maximum uptake less than 2%. Time-activity integrals for relevant organs are shown in Supplemental Table 3. The largest adsorbed dose was found in the urinary bladder wall (0.12 mGy/MBq), followed by the thyroid (0.08 mGy/ MBq) and the osteogenic cells (0.06 mGy/MBq) (Table 4). The average calculated effective dose (ED) was 0.021 mSv/MBq (Table 4). DISCUSSION This study examined the in vivo quantification of 18 F-LBT-999 binding to the DAT in the brain and its wholebody distribution and dosimetry in nonhuman primates. The first part of the study examined the brain quantification in the rhesus monkey. The results suggest that 18 F-LBT-999 is a suitable radioligand for in vivo imaging of the DAT; however, its kinetic properties are such that in vivo quantification of the DAT in the striatum would require a long imaging time (-4 h), whereas a shorter imaging time (-2 h) could be sufficient for the quantification of the DAT in the midbrain and thalamus (Supplemental Table 4). The second part of the study examined the radiation dose estimates obtained from data in cynomolgus monkeys. The ED of 18 F-LBT-999 was comparable to the one observed for other 18F-labeled radioligands and suggests that 18 F-LBT-999 could be suitable for DAT imaging in human subjects. Brain Imaging and Quantification In nonhuman primates, 18 F-LBT-999 showed good brain uptake and a high target-to-background ratio, allowing for excellent visualization of the DAT in the striatum and extrastriatal regions. However, in the striatum 18 F-LBT-999 showed slow kinetics with late peak specific binding (-120-140 min), whereas in the midbrain and thalamus, peak specific binding was reached much earlier. The kinetic analysis showed that the 2-TCM model was the preferred quantification method. Because of the low k4 values and possible variability of the in vivo kinetic behavior of 18 F-LBT-999, VT, BPF, and BPND in the putamen showed high variability. Therefore, accurate quantification of the DAT in the striatum would require at least 4 h of imaging, assuming that the kinetic properties of 18 F-LBT-999 would be similar in both human subjects and nonhuman primates. On the other hand, in the midbrain and the thalamus, shorter imaging times could be sufficient for accurate quantification. When the different models were compared with the 2-TCM, the underestimation of VT or BPND was larger in the caudate and putamen than in the midbrain and thalamus. Taken together, these findings suggest that 18 F-LBT-999 could be particularly suitable for imaging and quantification of the DAT in extrastriatal regions. All reference tissue methods provided similar estimates of BPND, slightly higher for the FRTM and SRTM than for Logan Ref and MRTM2. The underestimation of DVs and BP^0 using graphical analyses or reference tissue models has already been reported for 11 C-FEU (23). We attempted to use a t* greater than 145 min in GA, but the estimation of the outcome measures did not improve, possibly because a lower number of time points and higher noise were included. As for the reference tissue models, and particularly the SRTM, a possible reason for the discrepancy could be the violation of the assumption of a 1-TCM for the target and the reference regions. The only available quantification data have been reported for 11 C-LBT-999 using 1-TCM and invasive Logan GA and SRTM using cerebellum as reference region (11). In the case of T1C-LBT-999, it has been reported that k3 and k4 were poorly identified with 2-TCM (77), With 18 F-LBT-999, we had the possibility to image until 4 h and we have shown that, with the exception of 1 monkey, k3 and k4 could be adequately identified and that the 1 -TCM did not seem to be a suitable quantification model. DVs of 18 F-LBT-999 with Logan GA were approximately 1.4-2 times higher than DVs of 11 C-LBT-999, probably because of more rapid elimination and a lower plasma concentration of 18 F-LBT-999. BPND of 18 F-LBT-999 with SRTM was approximately 10%-20% lower than the BPND of 11 C-LBT-999 in the striatum, whereas it was approximately 30% higher in the midbrain and similar in the thalamus. The differences in BPND could be related to the nonhuman primate species (rhesus vs. baboon), to the methodology used (a HRRT vs. HR+, different ROI templates), and to the differences in metabolism of the radioligands. Radiometabolite Analysis In this study, consistently 1 polar (Met 1, ~90% at 90 min) and 1 less polar radiometabolite peak (Met 2, -2% at 90 min) were observed. Ex vivo data of the radiometabolites of 18 F-LBT-999 are not available, but if Met 1 is a 18 F-fluoro-alkyl analog, as previously suggested (72), it might enter the brain and contribute to the nondisplaceable binding. To investigate more in this direction, we examined the time stability of the DV in the different brain regions. The pattern of time-dependent DV change of 18 F-LBT-999 was similar to another DAT radioligand, 18 F-FECNT, in which 18 F-fluoroethanol has been found to enter the brain and contribute to the nondisplaceable binding (24). However, if the outcome measure of interest is BPND the degree of underestimation in low-density regions and cerebellum seems to be similar (Fig. 6), perhaps producing less bias in BPND. Another possible explanation of the time-dependent change of DV would be that the parent radioligand is metabolized and trapped in the brain. However, we believe that trapping in the brain is unlikely to occur because the binding of 11 C-LBT-999, which is structurally equivalent to 18 F-LBT-999, has been shown to be reversibly displaced by PE2I (11). Whole-Body Dosimetry Study The whole-body distribution study showed that the main routes of excretion of 18 F-LBT-999 are the urinary and gastrointestinal systems, with the bladder being the critical organ. High uptake was found in the bone, and accumulation of 18 F-LBT-999 was found in the vertebral bone and the skull, with a relatively large dose estimated for the osteogenic cells. The degree of uptake in the bone and in the skull could be different in human subjects. From the imaging perspective, the uptake in the skull does not seem to be a limitation, because the primary brain regions (striaturn, midbrain, thalamus, and the reference cerebellum) are not near the bone. From the dosimetry aspect, the dose to the osteogenic cells (0.061 mGy/MBq) and to the red marrow was somewhat higher than the dose previously reported for other 18 F-labeled radioligands such as 18 F-FP-CIT (0.005-0.007 mGy/MBq in bone surfaces and red marrow) (25) or 18 F-SPAR-Q (0.02-0.03 mGy/MBq) (26). Although the estimates of the dose for the osteogenic cells and the red marrow were relatively high, the estimates of ED were in the same range as other 18 F-labeled radioligands including 18 F-FDG (0.024-0.027 mSv/MBq) (27). Therefore, considering that the limit of ED in several European Union countries is within 5 and 10 mSv (28), the amount of administered radioactivity of 18 F-LBT-999 would be close to 480 MBq, allowing also for more than 1 injection per year. CONCLUSION In nonhuman primates 18 F-LBT-999 seems to be a suitable PET radioligand for the quantification of the DAT, particularly in extrastriatal regions, such as the midbrain and the thalamus. In the striatum, because of the slow washout, at least 4 h of imaging seem to be required for the quantification. However, those findings need to be confirmed in human subjects. The estimates of radiation dose are within the values previously reported for other 18Flabeled PET radioligands. The uptake in the bone and the skull, albeit providing relatively high doses to osteogenic cells and red marrow, does not seem to be a limitation in terms of imaging and radiation exposure and could be different in human subjects. DISCLOSURE STATEMENT The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 USC section 1734. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Gudrun Nylen and the staff of the PET Centre and Nuclear Medicine for excellent assistance in the conduction of the PET and PET/CT studies. The study has been supported by Cyclopharma Laboratoires, by the FP6-project DiMI LSHB-CT-2005-512146 and by the Région Centre program "Radex." No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. REFERENCES 1. Girault JA, Greengard P. The neurobiology of dopamine signaling. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:641-644. 2. 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J Nucl Med. 2003;44:961-966. 26. Sprague DR, Chin FT, Liow JS, et al. Human biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of the tachykinin NK1 antagonist radioligand [18 F]SPA-RQ: comparison of thin-slice, bisected, and 2-dimensional planar image analysis. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:100-107. 27. Deloar HM, Fujiwara T, Shidahara M, et al. Estimation of absorbed dose for 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose using whole-body positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25:565-574. 28. Verbruggen A, Coenen HH, Deverre JR, et al. Guideline to regulations for radiopharmaceuticals in early phase clinical trials in the EU. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35:2144-2151. Andrea Vairone1, Vladimir Stepanov1, Ryuji Nakao1, Miklós Tóth1, Balázs Gulyás1, Patrik Emond2, Jean Bernard Deloye3, Johnny Vercouillie2, Michael G. Stabin4, Cathrine Jonsson5, Denis Guilloteau*2, and Christer Halldin*1 1 Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden; 2 INSERM U930, CHRU Tours, Tours, France; 3 Laboratoires Cyclopharma, Saint Beauzire, France; 4 Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and 5 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Received Mar. 3, 2011; revision accepted Apr. 20, 2011. For correspondence or reprints contact: Andrea Vairone, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, R5:02, Karolinska Hospital. SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] *Contributed equally to this work. COPYRIGHT © 2011 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine. Inc. (c) 2011 Society of Nuclear Medicine [ Back To TMCnet.com's Homepage ]